Interesting experiment. The advantage of not knowing that it couldn't work was that it didn't put you off trying.
The eddy currents don't seem to be as bad as it ought to have been but with proper measurements I suspect it wouldn't have been too good.
The other problem with that type of design is the fact that you are stuck with single phase and the leakage reactance is going to be very high. That is why the output falls rapidly with load.
The iron loss problem can be solved with proper laminating but it is a difficult mechanical construction. The leakage reactance problem is more difficult and commercial designs using that idea have had to resort to force commutated rectifiers.
In its simplest form it is the Sturmey Archer dynohub alternator that was used for many years on bicycles, where its reactance limiting was used to good effect to prevent blowing bulbs when you went faster.
Not very practical but an interesting experiment all the same .
Flux