You want to convert 120vac to 12vdc
run it to the garage
then convert it back to 120vac
to run a light and some other stuff
yes it will work
you will lose 25% of your power converting it twice like that
the 12 volt wire will need to handle 10+ times the currant
and will be a very expensive piece of wire
not to mention the cost of the inverter
If it was me I would just run a 120vac wire out there.
I really like the Idea that jonas302 has above. I have one of those Harbor Freight Systems. It is Very Likely to be able to handle the devices that you mention in your Original Post. The system comes with two 12 volt CFL bulbs and a charge controller that usually doesn't last very long. You would need to add a large deep cycle battery and an inverter to complete the system.
Getting a better charge controller is only about 15 to 30 dollars